When selecting liquid cooling plates, consider flow rate, pressure drop, and temperature difference (Source: Zhengzhou University): Golden Rule: Flow rate of 7.5 L/min (Source: Journal of Zhengzhou University); Core Requirement: Pressure drop <150 kPa (Source: Patsnap); Note: Temperature difference <5°C (Source: ElectronicsHub).
I.
Coolant Flow Rate
Typical: Flow rate of 0.5–5 L/min (Source: Kingka); Optimal: 7.5 L/min is the overall optimum (Source: Journal of Zhengzhou University); Industrial: 12–15 L/min operation (Source: Trumony); Improvement: Increasing flow rate lowers temperature (Source: Volt); Saturation: Diminishing returns above 7.5 L/min (Source: Journal of Zhengzhou University)—Flow rate: 0.5–5, 7.5, and saturation (three key points).
II.
Pressure Drop Parameters
Reference: Pressure drop of 15 kPa (Source: Volt); Industrial: 36–38 kPa (low flow resistance) (Source: Trumony); Upper Limit: Capped at <150 kPa (Source: Patsnap); Micro-channels: Parallel micro-channels at 118 Pa (Source: Patsnap); Pump Power: Pressure drop determines pump selection (Source: ElectronicsHub)—Pressure drop: 15 kPa, 150 kPa limit, and micro-channels (three parameters).
III. Material Selection
Aluminum: Aluminum accounts for 73.6% (Source: Docin); Aluminum Thermal Conductivity: Pure aluminum 220 W/m·K (Source: Docin); Copper: Copper thermal conductivity 380 W/m·K (Source: Docin); Density: Aluminum density 2.7 g/cm³ (Source: Docin); Cost: Copper cost is 2.4 times higher (Source: Docin)—Materials: Aluminum + Copper + Cost (three comparisons).
IV.
Temperature Difference Control
Between Cells: Temperature difference between cells <5°C (Source: ElectronicsHub); Target: Temperature difference <3°C (Source: Patsnap); Max Temperature: 29.58°C @ 1C (Source: Volt); Cross-flow: Staggered inlets reduce ΔT (Source: Volt); Uniformity: Flow uniformity 0.12 (Source: Volt)—Temperature Difference: <5°C + <3°C + Uniformity (three metrics).
V.
Flow Channel Design
Height: Channel height 4 mm (Source: Journal of Zhengzhou University); Depth: Channel depth 3 mm (Source: PMC); Width: Channel width 28 mm (Source: PMC); Velocity: Maximum flow velocity 2.5 m/s (Source: Volt); Inlet: Inlet temperature 20°C (Source: Volt)—Flow Channel: Height + Depth + Inlet (three design parameters).
VI. Coolant Media
Ethylene Glycol: 50/50 water-ethylene glycol mix (Source: aiecoev); Propylene Glycol: 20% propylene glycol at 26°C (Source: Aalto); Deionized: Deionized water (Source: Kingka); Dielectric: Dielectric fluid (Source: Kingka); Corrosion-Inhibited: Corrosion-inhibited fluid compatible with materials (Source: Kingka)—Media options: Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or compatible fluid.
VII.
Procurement Recommendations
First, specify flow rate (7.5 L/min); second, check pressure drop (<150 kPa); third, select material (aluminum); fourth, control temperature difference (<5°C);
fifth, verify sealing (leak test)—Liquid cooling plate: Flow rate, pressure drop, and temperature difference (three core factors).
